How many scientists question evolution?

How many scientists question evolution?
Updated 24 September 2024 (c) 2024

Dissenters from evolution

It is often said that many scientists, including some with solid credentials in the field, now believe there are serious difficulties with modern evolutionary theory. Indeed, there are some scientists who dissent. For example, in 2005 Philip Skell, a retired chemistry professor at Pennsylvania State University and former member of the National Academy of Sciences, wrote the following [Skell2005]:

Scientific journals now document many scientific problems and criticisms of evolutionary theory. … Many of the scientific criticisms of which I speak are well known by scientists in various disciplines, including the disciplines of chemistry and biochemistry, in which I have done my work.

In 2001 the Discovery Institute, the principal sponsoring organization for the intelligent design movement, began to form a list of scientists who question evolution. Each of the scientists on this list, known as “A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism,” affirmed the following statement [Dissent2010]:

We are skeptical of claims for the ability of random mutation and natural selection to account for the complexity of life. Careful examination of the evidence for Darwinian theory should be encouraged.

As of April 2012, this list had 1187 names.

Is there really a tidal wave of dissent from evolution?

So what are the facts here? Is evolution truly a “theory in crisis”? as creationist author Michael Denton once described it [Denton2016]? Is there really a tidal wave of dissent from evolution?

First of all, it should be noted that the Discovery Institute statement above does not question the principal high-level tenets of evolutionary theory, most notably the fact that the Earth and its biosphere are several billion years old, that living organisms have a common ancestry, and that natural evolution has occurred. The only issue mentioned in this statement is the question of whether mutations and natural selection are sufficient to account for the full complexity of present-day life.

In other words, those looking to the Dissent from Darwinism statement and list to support a young-earth creationist worldview, or to reject common ancestry, or to claim that “evolution can’t happen,” will be sorely disappointed. Few, if any, of the signers of the Dissent statement support such strongly creationist views.

NCSE’s “Project Steve”

Partly in response to lists such as this, in 2008 the National Center for Science Education (NCSE) in Oakland, California instituted “Project Steve,” named in honor of the recent death of the eminent paleontologist Stephen J. Gould. In this project, NCSE announced an invitation for scientists whose first name is Steve (or variants such as Steven, Stephen, Stephanie, Stephan or Estephan) to submit their names as affirming the following statement [NCSE2008]:

Evolution is a vital, well-supported, unifying principle of the biological sciences, and the scientific evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of the idea that all living things share a common ancestry. Although there are legitimate debates about the patterns and processes of evolution, there is no serious scientific doubt that evolution occurred or that natural selection is a major mechanism in its occurrence. It is scientifically inappropriate and pedagogically irresponsible for creationist pseudoscience, including but not limited to “intelligent design,” to be introduced into the science curricula of our nation’s public schools.

Comparing the two lists

As of October 2022, the NCSE list had 1486 names, compared with 1187 on the Discovery Institute list. If we count only those persons on these two lists who had a Ph.D. degree and/or professional position in a core field closely related to evolution (Anatomy, Anthropology, Bacteriology, Biochemistry, Biology, Biophysics, Botany, Ecology, Entomology, Epidemiology, Genetics, Geology, Geophysics, Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Neurophysiology, Paleontology, Physiology, Taxonomy, Virology or Zoology), who thus are particularly well-qualified to make such a declaration, then 815 (55%) of the names on the NCSE list were so qualified, compared with only 334 (28%) of the Discovery Institute list, according to a detailed check performed by the present author. If we then further limit the Discovery Institute core field list to those persons named Steve or one of the variants above, so that the size of this list can be directly compared with the NCSE core field list, then only two signers remain (in general agreement with the fact that persons named Steve or one of the above variants constitute roughly 1% of the U.S. population).

These data are shown on the chart below. Note that in the right-most set of columns, the DI column (corresponding to two persons) is invisibly small compared with the NCSE column.


image #1

We mention in passing that in uniformly applying the “core field” filter to each list, it was necessary to exclude Cambridge Professor Stephen Hawking (deceased 2018) and Nobel Laureates Steven Weinberg and Steven Chu from the NCSE list, because, strictly speaking, their field of study (physics, in each case) was not among the core fields specified above. No persons of remotely comparable qualifications were excluded from the Discovery Institute list when applying this filter.

In short, no matter how one objectively compares these lists, it is a fair conclusion that several hundred times as many well-qualified professional scientists accept the main precepts of evolution as dissent from them. And, given that the number of signers of the Discovery Institute list grown only modestly in the past few years, there is no indication of a tidal wave of dissenting scientists, relative to the much larger body of researchers who have declared their support of evolution.

The Pew Research study

The above results are entirely consistent with a 2015 study by the Pew Research Center [Rainie2015]. The study surveyed members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), a prestigious professional organization of research scientists. The study divided the participants into three categories: (a) currently working PhD scientists; (b) active research scientists who have received at least one research grant within the past five years; and (c) domain experts, whose specialty area is particularly relevant to the policy issue in question. Their views were compared with the general public.

When asked whether “humans have evolved over time,” 98% of all AAAS members said yes, and 99% of working PhD scientists and 99% of active research scientists all said yes. This contrasts with only 65% of U.S. adults in the larger public sample [Rainie2015].

Summary

Francisco Ayala, a renowned evolutionary biologist and recipient of the National Medal of Science and the 2010 Templeton Prize (and a former Dominican priest), recently stated the consensus of the field in these terms [Ayala2010, pg. 49-50]:

The overwhelming majority of biologists accept evolution. Those who know professionally the evidence for evolution cannot deny it. Scientists agree that the evolutionary origin of animals and plants is a scientific conclusion beyond reasonable doubt. The evidence is compelling and all-encompassing because it comes from all biological disciplines including those that did not exist in Darwin’s time. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Darwin and other biologists obtained convincing evidence from a variety of disciplines, which had reached early maturity during the nineteenth century: anatomy, embryology, biogeography, geology, and paleontology. Since Darwin’s time, the evidence for evolution has become much stronger and more comprehensive, coming not only from traditional sources but also from recent disciplines such as genetics, biochemistry, ecology, ethology, neurobiology, and molecular biology. …

Because the evidence is so overwhelming, … evidence for evolution no longer engages the interest of biologists except when explaining evolution to the public or arguing with those who refuse to accept evolution. Although not sought and no longer needed, the evidence for the fact of evolution continues to accumulate.

For additional information, see Creationism, Evolution evidence and Intelligent design.

Comments are closed.